Edge Ultrasound System Guida Utente Pagina 1

USER GUIDE

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88 Measurement publications and terminology

Chapter 6: Troubleshooting and Maintenance 89TroubleshootingChapter 6: Troubleshootingand MaintenanceThis chapter contains information to help correc

90 Software licensing patient” Delete any unwanted images or clips from the patient exam. See “To delete images and clips” on page 41.Software licens

Chapter 6: Troubleshooting and Maintenance 91TroubleshootingCleaning and disinfectingUse the recommendations in this section when cleaning or disinfe

92 Cleaning and disinfecting To clean the LCD screen Dampen a clean, non-abrasive, cotton cloth with an ethanolic-based cleaner, and wipe the screen

Chapter 6: Troubleshooting and Maintenance 93TroubleshootingTo clean and disinfect a transducer (wipe method)1 Disconnect the transducer from the sys

94 Cleaning and disinfecting 2 Clean the surface using a soft cloth lightly dampened in a mild soap or detergent cleaning solution.Apply the solution

Chapter 7: Safety 95SafetyChapter 7: SafetyThis chapter contains ergonomic, electrical, and clinical safety information required by regulatory agenci

96 Position the systemPromote comfortable shoulder, arm, and hand postures• Use a stand to support the weight of the ultrasound system.Minimize eye a

Chapter 7: Safety 97Safety• Minimize the pressure applied on the patient.• Keep your wrist in a straight position.Take breaks, exercise, and vary act

ixIntroductionIntroductionEdge Ultrasound System User Guide provides information on preparing and using the Edge™ ultrasound system and on cleaning a

98 WARNING:To avoid the risk of electrical shock: • This equipment must be connected only to a supply mains with protective earth. • Use only properl

Chapter 7: Safety 99SafetyElectrical safety classificationWARNING:To prevent injury to the operator/bystander, the transducer must be removed from pa

100 Equipment safetyTo protect your ultrasound system, transducer, and accessories, follow these precautions.Battery safetyTo prevent the battery fro

Chapter 7: Safety 101SafetyClinical safetyWARNING:Do not use a damaged battery.WARNING:Do not solder a battery.WARNING:The polarity of the battery te

102 Hazardous materialsWARNING:Do not use the system if it exhibits erratic or inconsistent behavior. Discontinuities in the scanning sequence are in

Chapter 7: Safety 103SafetyElectromagnetic compatibilityThe ultrasound system has been tested and found to comply with the electromagnetic compatibil

104 Electrostatic dischargeCaution:Electrostatic discharge (ESD), or static shock, is a naturally occurring phenomenon. ESD is common in conditions o

Chapter 7: Safety 105SafetySeparation distanceCompatible accessories and peripheralsSonoSite has tested the Edge ultrasound system with the following

106 You may use these SonoSite accessories and third-party peripherals with the Edge ultrasound system. WARNING:Use of the accessories with medical s

Chapter 7: Safety 107SafetyGuidance and manufacturer’s declarationThe Edge ultrasound system contains an IEEE 802.11 transmitter that utilizes the IS

x Customer comments

108 Guidance and Manufacturer’s Declaration - Electromagnetic EmissionsThe Edge ultrasound system is intended for use in the electromagnetic environm

Chapter 7: Safety 109SafetyElectrostatic Discharge (ESD)IEC 61000-4-2 Battery Power±6.0KV contact±8.0KV air±6.0KV contact-2KV air / +4KV airESD preca

110 Power Frequency Magnetic FieldIEC 61000-4-83 A/m 3 A/m Power frequency magnetic fields should be at levels characteristic of a typical location i

Chapter 7: Safety 111SafetyFCC Caution: Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s

112 Immunity testing requirementsThe Edge ultrasound system complies with the essential performance requirements specified in IEC 60601-1-2 and IEC 6

Chapter 7: Safety 113SafetyBiological riskDevice complies with relevant Brazilian regulations for electro-medical devices.Canadian Standards Associat

114 Do not stack over 5 high.Do not stack over 10 high.Electrostatic sensitive devicesDevice complies with relevant FCC regulations for electronic de

Chapter 7: Safety 115SafetyTemperature limitationAtmospheric pressure limitationHumidity limitationSubmersible. Protected against the effects of temp

116 SpecificationsDimensionsSystem• Length: 13 in. (33 cm)• Width: 12.4 in. (31.5 cm)• Height: 2.5 in. (6.3 cm)Display• Length: 9.7 in. (24.6 cm)• He

Chapter 7: Safety 117SafetyShipping and storage (battery)-20–60°C (-4–140°F), 15–95% R.H. (For storage longer than 30 days, store at or below room te

Chapter 1: Getting Started 1Getting StartedChapter 1: Getting StartedAbout the systemThe Edge ultrasound system is a portable, software-controlled de

118 EMC standards classificationCISPR 11, International Electrotechnical Commission, International Special Committee on Radio Interference. Industria

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 119Acoustic OutputChapter 8: Acoustic OutputThis chapter contains safety information required by regulatory agencies perta

120 The system has been designed to ensure that temperature at the face of the transducer will not exceed the limits established in Section 42 of EN

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 121Acoustic Output•Comet tailsFor more information on detecting and interpreting acoustic artifacts, see the following ref

122 Table 2: TI (TIS, TIC, TIB) TransducerCPD SettingsPW SettingsBox WidthBox HeightBox DepthPRF Depth OptimizeC11x   (Depth)C60x   (PRF)HF

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 123Acoustic OutputOutput displayThe system meets the AIUM output display standard for MI and TI (See“Related guidance docu

124 Even when MI is less than 1.0, the system provides a continuous real-time display of MI in all imaging modes, in increments of 0.1.The system mee

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 125Acoustic OutputThe displayed MI and TI values are based on calculations that use a set of acoustic output measurements

126 Acoustic output measurementSince the initial use of diagnostic ultrasound, the possible human biological effects (bioeffects) from ultrasound exp

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 127Acoustic OutputIn Situ= Water [e-(0.23alf)]where: In Situ = In Situ intensity valueWater = Water intensity value e = 2.

2 Preparing the system To install the battery1 Disconnect the power supply from the ultrasound system.2 Remove the system from the mini-dock (if pres

128 interest is composed entirely of soft tissue. When the path contains significant amounts of fluid, as in many first and second-trimester pregnanc

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 129Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

130 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 131Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

132 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 133Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

134 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 135Acoustic Output(a) This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b) This transducer is not inten

136 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 137Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

Chapter 1: Getting Started 3Getting StartedTurning the system on or offTo turn the system on or off Press the power switch. (See “System controls” o

138 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 139Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

140 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 141Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

142 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 143Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

144 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 145Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

146 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 147Acoustic Output(a) This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b) This transducer is not intend

4 Preparing the system Inserting and removing USB storage devicesYou can use a USB storage device to import and export various logs and setup configu

148 (a) This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b) This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 149Acoustic Output(a) This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b) This transducer is not intend

150 (a) This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b) This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 151Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

152 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 153Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

154 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 155Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

156 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 157Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

Chapter 1: Getting Started 5Getting StartedSystem controls123547812131914161815610911171 Control keys Adjust on-screen controls.2 Alphanumeric keys E

158 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 159Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

160 ((a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic u

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 161Acoustic Output(a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended

162 (a)This index is not required for this operating mode; value is <1.(b)This transducer is not intended for transcranial or neonatal cephalic us

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 163Acoustic OutputTerms used in the acoustic output tablesTable 40: Acoustic Output Terms and DefinitionsTerm DefinitionIS

164 Acoustic measurement precision and uncertaintyAll table entries have been obtained at the same operating conditions that give rise to the maximum

Chapter 8: Acoustic Output 165Acoustic OutputTable 41: Acoustic Measurement Precision and UncertaintyQuantityPrecision (% of standard deviation)Uncer

166

167GlossaryGlossaryTermsFor ultrasound terms not included in this glossary, refer to Recommended Ultrasound Terminology, Second Edition, published in

6 System controls 8SETCALIPERSets a trace measurement.Displays calipers on-screen for measuring.9 CALCS Turns the calculations menu on and off.10 Tou

168 SonoHD2™ Imaging TechnologyA subset of the 2D imaging mode in which the 2D image is enhanced by reducing speckle noise artifact at tissue margins

169GlossaryAbbreviationsAbbreviations in User InterfaceAbbreviation Definition+/× “+” Caliper/”×” Caliper RatioA“A” Wave Peak VelocityA PG “A” Wave P

170 Ao AortaAoD Aortic Root DiameterApical Apical ViewAPTD Anteroposterior Trunk DiameterAT Acceleration (Deceleration) TimeAUA Average Ultrasound Ag

171GlossaryCW Continuous Wave DopplerCxLen Cervix LengthD DiameterD Apical Distance ApicalDCCA Distal Common Carotid ArteryDECA Distal External Carot

172 EFW Estimated Fetal WeightCalculated from the measurements performed during the exam. The measurements used to determine EFW are defined by the c

173GlossaryHR Heart RateICA Internal Carotid ArteryIMT Intima Media ThicknessIVRT Iso Volumic Relaxation TimeIVS Interventricular SeptumIVSd Interven

174 LVDFS Left Ventricular Dimension Fractional ShorteningLVDs Left Ventricular Dimension SystolicLVEDV Left Ventricular End Diastolic VolumeLVESV Le

175GlossaryMsk MusculoskeletalMV Mitral ValveMV Area Mitral Valve AreaMV Regurgitant FractionMitral Valve Regurgitant FractionMV Regurgitant VolumeMi

176 PGmax Maximum Pressure GradientPGmean Mean Pressure GradientPGr Pressure GradientPHT Pressure Half TimePI Pulsatility IndexPICA Proximal Internal

177GlossaryRVW Right Ventricular Free WallRVWd Right Ventricular Free Wall DiastolicRVWs Right Ventricular Free Wall SystolicS SonoHD technologyS/D S

Chapter 1: Getting Started 7Getting StartedScreen layout1 Mode Data Area Current imaging mode information (for example, Gen, Res, THI, and PW).2 Orie

178 UA Ultrasound AgeCalculated on the mean measurements taken for a particular fetal biometry.Umb A Umbilical ArteryVA Vertebral ArteryVArty Vertebr

Index 179IndexIndexSymbols+/x measurement 45Numerics2D imaging 252D options 25AA & B shortcut keys 15abbreviations 169abdominal, intended uses 12

180 Index MV/AV area 57overview 53PHT 58PISA 54RVSP 58setup 19SV 60TDI 61VTI 57cardiac index (CI) 60cardiac output (CO) 60, 61cardiac references 77c

Index 181Indexuser accounts 17Ffar 5fetal heart rate (FHR) 67flow sensitivity 27focal zones, optimize 25footswitch setup 15forms 6freeze 30Ggainadjus

182 Index MBe. See SonoMBemeasurements+/x Ratio, Doppler 45See also calculations2D 44about 43Acceleration, Doppler 45accuracy 43, 75area, 2D 44autom

Index 183IndexPW Doppler. See pulsed wave (PW) Doppler imagingRreferencescardiac 77general 85gestational age tables 82growth analysis tables 84obstet

184 Index user guide, conventions used ixuser setup 16uses, intended 12–13Vvariance 28vascularcalculations 71intended uses 13velocity measurement 45

P15200-01*P15200-01*

8 General interaction General interactionTouchpad and cursorUse the touchpad to adjust and move objects on-screen. The touchpad controls caliper posi

Chapter 1: Getting Started 9Getting StartedAnnotation and textAlphanumeric keyboard1 TAB Moves cursor among fields in the forms, and tabs between tex

10 Preparing transducers SymbolsYou can enter symbols and special characters in select fields and forms. The symbols and special characters available

Chapter 1: Getting Started 11Getting StartedTo apply a transducer sheathSonoSite recommends the use of market-cleared, transducer sheaths for intraca

12 Intended uses Intended usesThe system is used with a transducer attached and is powered either by battery or by AC electrical power. The clinician

Chapter 1: Getting Started 13Getting StartedSuperficial Imaging Applications You can assess the breast, thyroid, testicle, lymph nodes, hernias, musc

14 Intended uses

Chapter 2: System Setup 15SetupChapter 2: System SetupThe system setup pages let you customize the system and set preferences.Displaying the setup pa

16 Administration setup Security settingsSecurity settings on the system allow you to meet the applicable security requirements listed in the HIPAA s

Chapter 2: System Setup 17Setup3 Under User Information, make changes as desired.4 Select Save.Any change to the user name replaces the previous name

USER GUIDE

18 Annotations setup Logging in as userIf user login is required, the User Login screen appears when you turn on the system. (See “To require user lo

Chapter 2: System Setup 19SetupTo import predefined label groups1 Insert the USB storage device that contains the label groups.2 On the Annotations s

20 Date and Time setup Date and Time setupTo set the date and time On the Date and Time setup page, do the following:•In the Date box, type the curr

Chapter 2: System Setup 21Setup3 Select the USB storage device, and select Export.All user-defined tables and measurements are copied to the USB stor

22 Presets setup 2 Select the desired table (Gestational Age or Growth Analysis).3 In the Measurement list, select the measurement for the custom tab

Chapter 2: System Setup 23Setup• SiteLink organizes files in a SiteLink-style folder structure. Clips export in H.264 video saved as MP4 files. To vi

24 USB Devices setup

Chapter 3: Imaging 25ImagingChapter 3: ImagingImaging modesThe system has a high-performance display and advanced image-optimization technology that

26 Imaging modes M Mode imagingMotion mode (M Mode) is an extension of 2D. It provides a trace of the 2D image displayed over time. A single beam of

Chapter 3: Imaging 27Imaging3 Press the MMODE key.The time scale above the trace has small marks at 200ms intervals and large marks at one-second int

ii SonoSite, Inc.21919 30th Drive SEBothell, WA 98021USAT: 1-888-482-9449 or 1-425-951-1200F: 1-425-951-1201SonoSite LtdAlexander House40A Wilbury

28 Imaging modes PW and CW Doppler imagingPulsed wave (PW) Doppler and continuous wave (CW) Doppler imaging modes are optional features. PW Doppler i

Chapter 3: Imaging 29ImagingPW Doppler controlsIn PW Doppler imaging, you can set the following on-screen controls.Spectral trace controlsIn spectral

30 Adjusting depth and gain Adjusting depth and gainTo adjust depthYou can adjust the depth in all imaging modes but the trace modes. The vertical de

Chapter 3: Imaging 31ImagingNeedle visualizationAbout MBeThe MBe control turns on SonoMBe™ imaging, which enhances linear structures within a selecte

32 Needle visualization Figure 2 With a curved array transducer, only segments of the needle shaft may show:1 - Upper needle shaft2 - Unshown segment

Chapter 3: Imaging 33Imaging• Back returns to the previous screen. If MBe is on, MBe is highlighted green and MBe appears in the mode data area. Pres

34 Imaging modes and exams available by transducer Imaging modes and exams available by transducerImaging ModeTransducerExam Type12D2M ModeCPD3Color3

Chapter 3: Imaging 35ImagingAnnotating imagesYou can annotate live images as well as frozen images. (You cannot annotate a saved image.) You can plac

36 Patient information form To turn off text entry, press the TEXT key.To reset the home position1 Press the TEXT key.2 Using the touchpad or arrow k

Chapter 3: Imaging 37Imaging• Done to save changes and return to imaging.To end the exam1 Make sure that you have saved images and other data you wan

iiiContentsIntroductionConventions, symbols, and terms ...ixCustomer comme

38 Images and clips Images and clipsSaving images and clipsWhen you save an image or clip, it saves to internal storage. The system beeps afterward i

Chapter 3: Imaging 39ImagingReviewing patient examsThe patient list organizes saved images and clips in patient exams. You can delete, view, print, o

40 Images and clips To review images and clipsYou can review images and clips in only one patient exam at a time.1 In the patient list, highlight the

Chapter 3: Imaging 41Imaging5 Select Export.The files are finished exporting approximately five seconds after the USB animation stops. Removing the U

42 ECG Monitoring ECG Monitoring controlsShow/Hide Turns on and off ECG trace.Gain Increases or decreases ECG gain. Settings are 0-20.Position Sets t

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 43MeasurementsChapter 4: Measurementsand CalculationsYou can measure for quick reference, or you can measure

44 Measurements Note: Trace measurements cannot be edited once set. To improve precision of caliper placement  Do any of the following:• Adjust the

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 45Measurements4 Press the SELECT key.5 Using the touchpad, complete the trace, and press the SET key.See “To

46 Measurements 3 Press the SELECT key.A second caliper appears.4 Using the touchpad, position the second caliper at the end diastole on the waveform

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 47Measurements• Pulsatility Index (PI)• End Diastolic Velocity (EDV)• Acceleration Time (AT)• Resistive Inde

iv OB Calculations setup ...20OB Custom Measureme

48 General calculations Displaying, repeating, and deletingsaved measurements in calculationsTo display a saved measurement Do one of the following:

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 49MeasurementsFigure 2 Percent area reduction calculation of right carotid bulb To calculate percent area re

50 General calculations Volume calculationsTo calculate volumeThe volume calculation involves three 2D distance measurements: D1, D2, and D3. After a

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 51MeasurementsVolume flow calculationsThe following table shows the measurements required to complete the vo

52 General calculations The system is limited to the following sample volume sizes:• C11x transducer: 1, 2, 3 Gate Size (mm)• C60x and P10x transduce

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 53MeasurementsExam-based calculationsIn addition to the general calculations, there are calculations specifi

54 Exam-based calculations LV…LVd RVW (M Mode)RVD (M Mode)IVS (M Mode)LVD (M Mode)LVPW (M Mode)COEF SVLVESVLVEDVIVSFTLVPWFTLVDFSCISILV Mass…LVs RVW

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 55MeasurementsP. Vein A (Doppler) VMaxAdur (Doppler) timeS (Doppler) VMaxS/D ratioD (Doppler)MV E (Doppler)A

56 Exam-based calculations To measure LVd and LVs 1 On a frozen 2D image or M Mode trace, press the CALCS key. 2 From the calculations menu, select t

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 57Measurementsc Using the touchpad, trace the left ventricular (LV) cavity.To make a correction, select Undo

vVolume flow calculations ...51Exam-based calculations ...

58 Exam-based calculations 4 Using the touchpad, trace the waveform.To make a correction, select Undo on-screen, backtrack with the touchpad, or pres

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 59MeasurementsTo make a correction, select Undo on-screen, backtrack with the touchpad, or press the BACKSPA

60 Exam-based calculations a From the calculations menu, locate Qp/Qs and then select LVOT D or RVOT D.b Position the calipers. (See “Working with ca

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 61Measurements1 (CI Only) Fill in the Height and Weight fields on the patient information form. The BSA is c

62 Exam-based calculations c Save the calculation. (See “To save a calculation” on page 47.)Gynecology (Gyn) calculationsGynecology (Gyn) calculation

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 63MeasurementsThe following table shows available measurements for IMT calculations. The IMT measurement nam

64 Exam-based calculations IMT tool controlsWhen using the IMT tool, you can select the following controls on-screen.To trace IMT manuallyIn manually

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 65Measurementsa Position the caliper at the beginning of the boundary and press the SELECT key.b Using the t

66 Exam-based calculations Results from System-Defined OB Measurements and Table Authorsa. The Gestational Age is automatically calculated and displ

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 67Measurementsauthor for the OB tables, which you choose on a system setup page, determines the measurements

vi Equipment safety ...100Battery safety ..

68 Exam-based calculations b Position the calipers:•For S/D, RI, position the first caliper at the peak systolic waveform. Press the SELECT key, and

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 69MeasurementsTranscranial Doppler and Orbital calculationsThe following table shows the measurements requir

70 Exam-based calculations To perform a Transcranial Doppler or Orbital calculation1 Select the correct exam type:• Orbital (Orb) to measure Opthalmi

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 71MeasurementsVascular calculationsThe vascular measurements that you can save to the patient report are lis

72 Patient report 3 Do the following for each measurement you want to take:a From the calculations menu, select the measurement name.b Using the touc

Chapter 4: Measurements and Calculations 73MeasurementsTCD patient reportThe maximum values for the TAP calculation appear on the summary page.To del

74 Patient report To display an MSK worksheetThe MSK worksheets have lists from which you can select and a field for entering comments.1 After or dur

Chapter 5: Measurement References 75ReferencesChapter 5: Measurement ReferencesMeasurement accuracyThe measurements provided by the system do not def

76 Sources of measurement errors Sources of measurement errorsIn general, two types of errors can be introduced into the measurement:Acquisition Erro

Chapter 5: Measurement References 77Referencesfloating-point versus integer-type math, which is subject to errors introduced by rounding versus trunc

viiGlossaryTerms ...

78 Measurement publications and terminology Delta Pressure: Delta Time (dP:dT) in mmHg/sOtto, C.M. Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography. 2nd ed., W.

Chapter 5: Measurement References 79ReferencesLVEDV = (7.0 * LVDD3)/(2.4 + LVDD)where: LVEDV = Left Ventricular End Diastolic VolumeLVDD = Left Ventr

80 Measurement publications and terminology Mean Velocity (Vmean) in cm/sVmean = mean velocityMitral Valve Area (MVA) in cm2Reynolds, Terry. The Echo

Chapter 5: Measurement References 81ReferencesRight Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) in mmHgReynolds, Terry. The Echocardiographer’s Pocket Refer

82 Measurement publications and terminology EDD = LMP date + 280 daysEstimated Fetal Weight (EFW)Hadlock, F., et al. “Estimation of Fetal Weight with

Chapter 5: Measurement References 83ReferencesHadlock, F., et al. “Estimating Fetal Age: Computer-Assisted Analysis of Multiple Fetal Growth Paramete

84 Measurement publications and terminology Hadlock, F., et al. “Estimating Fetal Age: Computer-Assisted Analysis of Multiple Fetal Growth Parameters

Chapter 5: Measurement References 85ReferencesObstetrics and Gynecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, (1986), 186, Table 7.20.)Femur Length (FL)Chitty,

86 Measurement publications and terminology Acceleration Index (ACC)Zwiebel, W.J. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders Co

Chapter 5: Measurement References 87ReferencesPulsatility Index (PI)Kurtz, A.B., W.D. Middleton. Ultrasound-the Requisites. Mosby Year Book, Inc., (1